Sustainable production of liquid biofuels and value-added platform chemicals by hydrodeoxygenation of lignocellulosic bio-oil over a carbon–neutral Mo2C/CNF catalyst

For the first time, this work addresses hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignocellulosic bio-oil over a carbon–neutral Mo2C/CNF catalyst for production liquid biofuels and value-added chemicals, thoroughly examining effect temperature, initial H2 pressure, reaction time catalyst/bio-oil ratio. These variables had significant influence on process, allowing transformation original into different fractions in varying yields, including an upgraded (17–72%), solid product (4–44%), aqueous phase (5–39%) gaseous stream (1–15%). The comprised mix phenols (56–78%), cyclic ketones (7–30%), carboxylic acids (2–8%), esters (0–9%) aromatic compounds (0–20%). relative amounts C, H O shifted by 34–78 wt%, 3–8 wt% 13–62 while its HHV ranged between 9 35 MJ/kg. Process optimisation revealed that using temperature 350 °C, pressure 40 bar 0.19 g cat/g 1 h, it was possible to convert 65% organic content bio-fuel with 30 MJ/kg (twice value feedstock), which represents deoxygenation degree 70% energy efficiency 62%. Besides, all can be converted high proportion (79%) at 250 applying 20 0.14 around 0.5 h. This used as sustainable phenolic-rich antioxidant additive well bio-based source compounds. Therefore, these results are step forward biomass conversion catalysts.